Exploring the Possibility of Updating the Cosmological...

Exploring the Possibility of Updating the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God The term cosmological comes from the Greek language, meaning ‘world’ or ‘universe.’ The argument is based on facts about the world. The topic of cosmology refers to the study of the universe. The cosmological argument begins with a general claim about the physical universe e.g. that some events have causes and that there must be a supernatural agent to somehow explain this fact. The argument seems to say that there cannot be an infinite series of causes, they have to stop somewhere. One scholar who supports this idea is St. Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas invented the ‘five ways’ by which he tried to demonstrate†¦show more content†¦Although, we also have no reason to believe that they are false. The five ways also asks how can the cosmological argument avoid contradicting itself. For example, if nothing causes itself how can there be a first cause, which does not require a cause other than itself. The cosmological argument can work on the assumption that the cause of existing things is not a thing, in which case the above contradiction would disappear. Leibniz put forward the cosmological argument. He argues that the ‘great principle’ of this argument is that â€Å"nothing takes place without a sufficient reason.†[2] Leibniz went onto formulate a version of the cosmological argument similar to, but also different from that of Aquinas. In place of Aquinas’ idea that every event has a cause, Leibniz observed that every event must have a sufficient reason for its existence, since nothing happens without a reason. But everything can also be explained with reference to something else within the world. Therefore the reason why there is something at all rather than nothing must come from outside the world. For a sufficient reason to account for such things there must be a being, which is able to create existence. Such a being must exist of itself because there is something rather than nothing. Therefore a necessary being exists, which we call god. Copleston formulated three

The Use Of Gmo Foods - 1279 Words

The use of GMO s Biotechnology offers a variety of potential benefits and risks. It enhanced the food production by making plants less vulnerable to drought, frost, insects, and viruses and by enabling plants to compete more effectively against weeds for soil nutrients. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are defined as organisms (except for human beings) in which the genetic material has been altered in a way which doesn t occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. GMO s have widespread applications as they are used in biological and medical research, production of pharmaceutical drugs, experimental medicine, and agriculture. The use of gene technology in food production has become interesting due to increased needs of food as well as its improved quality with the application of gene technology to plants and animals, goals can be achieved more quickly than by traditional selection. Consequently, ethical dilemmas are opened concerning the eventual negative effects of production of gene tically modified food. It seems that supplementation of nutraceuticals and wild foods as well as wild lifestyle may be protective, whereas western diet and lifestyle may enhance the expression of genes related to chronic diseases. In a few cases, it has also improved the quality and nutrition of foods by altering their composition. However, the use of biotechnology has also raised concerns about its potential risks to the environment and humans health. For example, someShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Gmo Foods1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe use of GMO s Biotechnology offers a variety of potential benefits and risks. It enhanced the food production by making plants less vulnerable to drought, frost, insects, and viruses and by enabling plants to compete more effectively against weeds for soil nutrients. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are defined as organisms (except for human beings) in which the genetic material has been altered in a way which doesn t occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. GMO s haveRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods And Seeds1590 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the continuous use of chemicals, preservatives and processing of foods, the connection between nature and one s plate has been abandoned. GMOs or genetically modified organisms have been another key factor into the nation’s struggle. These modified foods and seeds were created with the future of the food industry in mind, yet they have been proven to create harmful effects. GMOs have been at the root of the major food issues wit hin America. The use of GMOs within the food industry needs to declineRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gmos849 Words   |  4 Pagescontamination of everyday foods. Americans are especially concerned about Genetically Modified Organisms. So, are they good or not? According to NewsELA, PRO/CON: Is it time to label GMO foods? GMO foods? Andrew Pollackmays Genetically Engineered Crops are Safe, Analysis Finds, and Janet Renees Benefits you get from a GMO they talk about the merits and the demerits of GMO crops. GMOs are plant or animal products that have been reengineered in a lab. Scientists use the DNA of bacteria, virusesRead MoreShould Labeling be Required for GMOs? Essays1218 Words   |  5 PagesShould Labeling be Required for GMOs? The debate over genetically modified foods continues to haunt producers and consumers alike. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are foods that have been modified through bioengineering to possess certain characteristics. These plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance traits such as increased resistance to herbicides or increased nutritional content (Whitman, 2000). The debate continues to grow as to whether these genetically altered foodstuffsRead MoreEffects Of Pesticides On The Health Of An Individual1747 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough there are given benefits to the use of GMOs for crop production, such as the longer lasting produce, easier farming, and more appealing crops. We also see a negative affect to the ways in which GMOs can affect the health of an individual. The use of pesticides to kill off any insect that would instead be eating the crops, have immune qualities and thus the dosages of these pesticide are being increased more every season. An example of how pesticides are used in farming today is with theRead MoreThe World Is Witnessing A Food Revolution1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe world is witnessing a food revolution. Man s way of producing food has evolved from hunting and gathering to conventional farming, to now using genetic engineering to produce GMOs, otherwise known as Genetically Modified Organisms. Genetically modified foods are a topic of controversy among many in the United States and around the world today. Debates arise regarding the use of GMOs and the safety of them, but what exactly is a GMO? GMOs are crops whose genes have been artificially manipulatedRead MoreProposal For A New Food Law1274 Words   |  6 Pagesmanufacturing organic, non-GMO foods. Organics’R’us is known for their food around the world, and prides themselves on creating safe, and readily available foods for many different people. Organics’R’us has recently become concerned with the actions of the government i n passing a new food law. This new food law would require a food company to lab their food with a QR code that people would then scan to find out if a specific product contains genetically modified organisms (GMOs). As a company, we feelRead MoreThe Us Without Gmo Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pages The US without GMO GMOs, (genetically modified organisms) have been a topic of interest in the social eyes for years. Since they’ve been created, many people have voiced and written about their opinions on GMOs, and whether they are dangerous or not. Created to expand the genetic diversity of crops and animals, many don’t know whether GMOs are good or bad, and neither do researchers. Though there hasn’t been any evidence claiming whether GMOs are good or bad, it has certainly not stopped theRead MoreDetecting Genetically Modified Organisms in Food Samples1193 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO) is organisms whose genetic makeup has been altered through recombinant DNA technology, thus producing something different from the species. There exist various examples of genetically tailored organisms comparing transgenic animals, plants, fish, as well as microorganisms like parasites, fungi and bacteria. A particular example would be an introduction of the insulin g ene of human into E. coli to give rise to human insulin. Nowadays, GMOs are developing and being usedRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1420 Words   |  6 Pagesthe foods Americans consume today are unhealthy and harmful to the human body. Many foods available are not natural or â€Å"real† because they are genetically modified. 80% of the food we consume are processed and genetically modified. Genetically modified foods are created from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). GMOs are plants or animals that have been genetically engineered with DNA from bacteria, viruses, and other plant and animals. GMOs are used because it enhance the flavor of foods, extends

Crimes against information system analysis Free Essays

Cyber crime or computer crime is a type of crime that occurs through the internet. This type o f crime has become very common in modern times and many people have been conned money and other valuables. This kind of crime has grown to be high profile to the extent that governments around the world are devising and implementing strategies and policies in a move to curb this kind of crime. We will write a custom essay sample on Crimes against information system analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the most common types of internet crime include financial theft, fraud, intellectual property theft, industrial espionage, spamming, spread of computer virus, software hacking among others (Grabosky, 2006). This paper will review the Nigerian Money Scams also called Advanced Fees Fraud or 419 Scams. The Nigerian scam is one of the most popular types of internet scam around the globe. It has been described as the widest ranging, cleverly planned and bizarre fraud schemes in the world in the recent years. The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), Interpol and Scotland Yard describe it as preposterous, amateurish and plainly crude (Lohr, 1992). The scam involves the sending of bogus letters with a promise of big pay offs. The target of this fraud usually receives an Email that claims to be from Nigeria or another West African country. Initially its target was businessmen but these days, the target also includes average citizens due to the low cost associated with email communication and transactions. The content of the email includes an illegal proposal, a money laundering proposal or a legitimate and legal business proposal. It includes offers of help whereby the sender wants some assistance in shipping out oil from Nigeria, romance, some supposedly deposited money in your account, a bequest left a will in your name. Others include claims overpayment of a contract by the Nigeria Government and therefore a need of a front man to get the overpayment out of Nigeria or an invite to transfer a huge amount of money, usually in US Dollars to your personal offshore account (Nigerian scams, 2000). After the recipient of this message responds positively, the sender then proceeds to advice him what else he requires to do. The purpose of the initial letter is to set the stage and is considered the opening ground to test the waters. Goal of the criminal The main intention of the criminal is to confuse you into thinking that whatever you are being drawn into is a lucrative business opportunity and a highway into instant riches. Even though, the arrangement appears questionable but very few people look at it that way. Therefore the first letter makes sure that the recipient is left with no doubts and that he or she is assured, and confident of the fact that the deal will be very success and that he is not in no way risking himself or herself. The allegations presented by these scammers are in such a way that you will be naturally cautious but deep down you, you will be praying softly and wanting hopefully that the deal is genuine. Another element associated with these emails is a sense of urgency (Gill, 2005). Either that the government is closing in or that the job of the sender is at risk. Therefore, his request is that the deal may be closed as son as possible. Their methodology is that they make sure that the recipient of the mail counts him or herself lucky because he has been singled out from billions of people the world over. And so as much as this deal may look suspicious, the receipt is left with the urge of gaining millions of shillings for doing what? Absolutely nothing. Even to the most skeptical people, they take the next step or sending an email, which will not cost you any risk at all and in return, might make you a multi millionaire. The feeling that being a rich man is only an email away is what makes people respond to this mail. After making that call or sending the email, the sender pleads with you to make this as secret as possible because he or she is taking a great risk in communicating with you. He emphasizes on the secrecy in that any disclosure might lead to the transaction of the transfer of funds being incomplete. As the recipient, you don’t see any harm in maintaining secrecy, confidentiality, utmost sense of purpose and maturity as it is what it will be asked of you by the sender (Lohr, 1992). After this communication, documents actually arrive to you. Official documents from the central bank of Nigeria together with documents from the firm of your newly appointed Nigerian lawyers. This is what convinces most people of the authenticity of the proposal as they contain the Nigerian Government Letter head (Gill, 2005). After you are satisfied of the authenticity of the transaction, you are then asked to pay some money to cater for unexpected taxes or contract fees demanded by the central bank of Nigeria, transfer of funds fees or fees to cater for the attorneys acting on your behalf. The sender assures you that those are things that he is not in control of. For example, he may tell you that the lawyers want 5% of the whole money or $200,000 in advance in order to continue with the transfer. Being a wise person, you smell a rat and say no way. It is then after sometime that the sender contacts you again and tells you that he has been able to negotiate with the lawyers and they have brought down their fees to say $100,000. He convinces you that it is nothing compared to what you two are going to gain. But since you are a wise person, you say no way (Lohr, 1992). It is then that he calls you again and tells that even though he is a poor guy, he is ready to sell his only house to raise $30,000 if you are in a position of raising the rest. He cannot forget to remind you that it is a loan he has advanced to you and that you will refund it to him once you receive the money. Here, you see the commitment and you ultimately send the money and you wait for your cash. You even start planning for holiday. After two days, you are informed that there have been some few problems and that the inside man is asking for a small bribe. After paying the initial amount, you become the ultimate milk cow. More requests start coming your way for you to send in more money. At this juncture, you are faced with two options: either send more money as demanded or risk loosing the promised millions and the money you have already sent. In this way, you are a prey and tens or even hundreds of dollars may be swindled from you (Gill, 2005). Each amount of money that you send is regarded as the last amount but eventually, there rises some ‘temporary difficulties’, ‘errors’ or ‘complications’ that you are prompted to solve. This may go on for months until you run out of money or until you give up. But these scammers will not stop there. If you show signs of giving up, they remind you of the ultimate prize awaiting you. The asking of these â€Å"advance fees† is the ultimate objective of this scam. That’s why it is referred to as the Advance Fees Fraud (Gill, 2005). Once a victim has sent in more and more cash, he gets hooked up to the scam and the more he believes that it is not a scam but that it is a real deal. The denial of most victims that they have been conned is what drives them to make just one more payment and their windfall happens (Nigerian Scams, 2000). There are even instances whereby one is invited to Nigeria and you are taken through real or fake government offices. The fake government offices include many government support staff and you are left with no doubt. In some instances, victims have confessed going to the directory, looking up the number of the alleged government officiate and finding it there. On calling, it is received by the very same person who he has been in contact with. There are some victims who have been invited to go to Nigeria. They are told that a Visa is not necessary and in that case, they bribe an airport official for you to enter Nigeria. On entering you are told that it is illegal to be in Nigeria without a passport (which is true) and this is used to coerce more money from you (Lohr, 1992). Mechanism to discourage these crimes The federal bureau of investigations has but in some mechanisms in bid to stop these fraudsters. The FBI has warned the public to be wary and not fall into this trick. In this regard, the public has been warned to be skeptical of any email or letter from persons claiming to be Nigerian government officials or any other foreigner asking for help with regard to transfer of large sums of money. The public has also been advised not to believe in the promise of large sums of money once they cooperate (FBI, 2010). Many countries have put in legislations that require citizens to report any form of 419 emails. In general, the governments all over the world are committed to ending this vice. There have also been developments of Internet Technologies which aim at stemming the advancement of the Nigerian Advanced Fee Fraud scams. Through the use of this technology, law enforcement officers are in a position to cooperate internationally and therefore are able to track these scammers, obtain the necessary evidence and prosecuting them (Lohr, 1992). References FBI. (2010). Internet Fraud. Retrieved August 19, 2010 from http://www. fbi. gov/majcases/fraud/internetschemes. htm. Gill, P. (2005). About. Com. The Top ten internet/ Email Scams. Retrieved August 19, 2010 from http://netforbeginners. about. com/od/scamsandidentitytheft/ss/top10inetscams. htm Grabosky, P. (2006). Electronic Crime, New Jersey: Prentice Hall http://www. nytimes. com/1992/05/21/business/nigerian-scam-lures-companies. html. Lohr, S. (1992). Nigerian Scam’ Lures Companies. Nigerian Advanced Fee Fraud Detection, Education, Eradication. The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2010 from http://www. nextwebsecurity. com/ Nigerian scams. (2000). Schemes, Scams and frauds. Retrieved August 19, 2010 from http://www. crimes-of-persuasion. com/Crimes/Business/nigerian. htm. How to cite Crimes against information system analysis, Papers

Disaster Policy and Politics-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Briefing paper based on the given scenario and can also add some references from the internet related to this. Answer: Introduction A potential earthquake shook the East and West of the coastal regions of Republic of Avengers on Sunday 5th of January 2020 at around 03:58 hours. It has affected the livelihood of the people living in the region resulting to a huge loss of life and property. The potentiality of the earthquake was estimated to be 7.1 on the Richter scale. A second earthquake affected the region at 6.5 Richter scale at 05:21 hours after the impact. It has afflicted a terrible blow on the livelihood of the people living in the regions. The report is focused on understanding the different situation that is faced by the people as a result of the earthquake and thereby produce a briefing paper based on the primary investigations. On the other hand, it helps in determining the after-effects of the earthquake and the recommended actions that might be taken by the government in order to provide aid to the afflicted inhabitants of the region. Situational report The earthquake has affected the densely populated area of Gotham Province affecting the lives of the people. Reports confirmed that some 60% of the villages of the Gotham province is affected through the atrocities of the earthquake. The village and the household properties of the individuals and the State are destroyed through the earthquake that has affected the regions which falls near the epicenters of the earthquakes. It is estimated that over 3,550 people got killed as an impact of the earthquake and some 25,000 homes and public property got destroyed. The death toll is still rising as the hospital and the healthcare facilities are unable to access the remote villages where the impact was huge. The reported injuries were around 7450 people in all the villages and there are people trapped under the debris. It has affected the mortality range of the region fatally. The earthquake triggered massive landslides at Smalville and Nathan, which again affected the livelihood of the peop le living at the region. The available healthcare facilities of the region are also destroyed though the earthquake that affected the region. The after effects of the earthquake left the people unaided by the healthcare facilities. On the other hand, the region has only one hospital, which is left crowded with the afflicted victims of the impact. It is estimated that some 1,500 people are admitted top the hospital and several more are at the waiting list. It has affected the mortality rate of the people in the region. The catastrophic situation has affected the livelihood of the people and snatched away their properties. On the other hand, the government offices and the other business centre were found emerged in the debris. It has affected the business and the trade of the region. Situational analysis According to Sylves (2014), the after effects of the disaster is based on the infliction of diseases that affects the livelihood of the people. In this case, too, diarrhea and other infections like cholera, dysentery and the like have affected the health of the people who have faced the impact. The sanitation and hygiene of the region is being compromised through the impact of the earthquake. It has affected the livelihood of the people and thereby reduced the standards. Some populations in the remote regions have been reported to be affected by diseases that have cost the lives of the people living in the region. Smalville Village has a concern with the water pipeline, which used to provide water to the community there. However, the earthquake has disrupted the pipeline and affected the only source of the fresh water that could be retrieved by the communities in the region. There are television podcasts that portrayed the chaos in Smalville as the inhabitants of the area was portrayed to be fleeing the region as a rumor of tsunami shook the place. However, the rumor was stopped awhile at its initial stage through the weather forecast that were undertaken by the news media that there are no chances of a tsunami that could have been triggered through the earthquake. The survivors of the fatal earthquake found shelter in the neighborhood villages. It has affected the livelihood of the neighborhood village due to the pressure on the resource use of the region. Some families are reported to build their own tents at the high terrains to keep themselves away from the atrocities of the earthquake. The monsoon weather worsened the situation of the region. It has enhanced the chances of the landslide that might be faced by the region subsequent to the violent earthquake that is being faced by the region. The weather condition has brought about deterioration in th e situation of the region. Rapid needs assessments The degradation in the health statistics and the worsening of the situation, the president of the nation is taking steps in order to overcome the impact. In order to overcome the impact that is being created through the earthquake, the president has planned to take up certain decisions and thereby send off aid to the afflicted communities. The disaster management steps that are being undertaken by the president in the immediate response of the earthquake are being stated in this section of the report. It will help in the proper understanding of the different management strategies that is being implemented as per the needs of the situation. The President of the Republic of Avengers has engaged the proper functioning of the army to help in evacuating the victims and the panicked citizens. It will help in locating the people who are trapped under the debris. Waugh (2015) stated that the engagement of the well-trained force helps in minimizing the time that is required by the normal people to reach out to the afflicted. Therefore, in this case, the engagement of the Rapid Action Force will be helping in order to rescue the people who are afflicted and deceased by the sudden attack of the earthquake. On the other hand, the proper functioning of the RAP will be helping to ensure the lives of many entrapped citizens. The mobilization of the different forces has helped in undertaking the rescue functions based on the requirements of the people. The engagement of the Provincial and the State governments into the matter has helped in the mobilization of the victims. On the other hand, the involvement of the NGOs has helped in ensuring the supplies of food and medical aids to the victims of the earthquake attack that is being undertaken by the region. Pelling (2012) stated that the proper positioning of the human resource that is willing to work for helping out the distressed people will also be helping in order to maintain the evacuation process. The proper identification of the evacuation process and the involvement of the trained personnel into the matter will be helping in undertaking the efficient functioning of the evacuation. Assigning a team of experts who are well acquainted with the steps that are required to be taken in order to facilitate the proper management of the disaster will be helping in enhancing the functioning based on the plans. Tseng and Chen (2012) stated that the proper understanding of the disaster management is based on the understanding of the severity of the impact and the manner in which it affects the livelihood of the people. Avvenuti et al. (2014) stated that the application of the EARS (earthquake alert and report system) will be helping in keeping the people aware of the atrocities of the earthquake that might affect their livelihood. Understanding the capability of the rescue team and sending out helicopters on a survey will be helping the disaster management team of personnel to track the afflicted regions and the people who are struck in the impact of the earthquake. It has affected the proper functioning of the management of the team members and thereby helps in adding to the effectiveness of the team functions that are being undertaken by the team. The capability of the team has helped in enhancing the understanding of the different factors that affects the functioning of the management team in effectively managing the situation. Conclusion Therefore, from the above situation analysis it can be stated that the proper undertaking of the disaster management helps in managing situations of the crisis more effectively. On the other hand, the proper evaluation of the disaster will be helping the personnel in understanding the situation and the manner in which the proper evacuation activity could be undertaken by the teamwork. On the other hand, the proper functioning of the team depends on the seriousness of the impact. Again, the understanding of the type of attention required by the afflicted victims of the earthquake helps in the determination of the aids and the medical facilities will be helping to support the livelihood of the people who are affected by the outbreak of the impact. The steps that are taken by the government agencies and the NGOs help in determining the proper functioning of the rescue team based on the needs of the victims and the severity of the impact References Avvenuti, M., Cresci, S., Marchetti, A., Meletti, C., Tesconi, M. (2014, August). EARS (earthquake alert and report system): a real time decision support system for earthquake crisis management. InProceedings of the 20th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining(pp. 1749-1758). ACM. Pelling, M. (2012).The vulnerability of cities: natural disasters and social resilience. Routledge. Sylves, R. (2014).Disaster policy and politics: Emergency management and homeland security. CQ Press. Tseng, C. P., Chen, C. W. (2012). Natural disaster management mechanisms for probabilistic earthquake loss.Natural Hazards,60(3), 1055-1063. Waugh, W. L. (2015).Living with Hazards, Dealing with Disasters: An Introduction to Emergency Management: An Introduction to Emergency Management. Routledge.